Solution to Puzzle #80: The Bored Guards

While the puzzle did not require any special mathematical knowledge, it was a relatively difficult puzzle and I did not get as many correct answers. The only correct asnwer was from Girish Tutakne.

Here is a simple explanation – Number the towers from 1 to 6. Initially we have one guard on every tower. If we add the tower # for each guard, that would initially be 21 (sum of 1 to 6), which is an odd parity. When any one guard moves, they move from either an odd to an even tower or vice versa, in either case the parity of the sum changes. However, since two guards move every 15 minutes, the parity remains the same as it was in the beginning.

For all the guards to be on the same tower, the parity would be even (6 multiplied by any of the tower #). However, we begin with an odd parity and continue to be odd parity after every move, and hence can never achieve the situation of all the guards in the same location.

Hope you enjoyed the puzzle!

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Puzzle #80: The Bored Guards

This is a beautiful puzzle from the book “Mathematical Circle Diaries, Year 1” by Anna Burago (Chapter 9, last puzzle). For parents of middle school children, this is a highly recommended book.

At midnight, six guards assume their positions at the six corner towers of a hexagonal fortress (one guard per tower). Every 15 minutes, two random guards get bored. As soon as the guards get bored, they change their positions: each bored guard relocates to an adjacent tower of his choice, moving clockwise or anticlockwise. Prove that no matter where the bored guards go, all six guards will never end up at the same tower at the same time.

As always, please send your answers directly to me at alokgoyal_2001@yahoo.com. If you like the puzzle, please share it with others. If you have interesting puzzles to share, please send them to me at my e-mail given above.

 

Happy guarding!

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Solution to Puzzle #79: Diwali Special

This was a very nice puzzle and I got many responses, though only one of which was completely correct – from Girish Tutakne. What was commendable was that he sent his answer literally within a few minutes of my posting the puzzle! I also got partially correct answers – my niece Radhika (in class 8) sent the answer to the first two parts, and so did Vaibhav Kalia. Thanks again to Alok Mittal for contributing this puzzle!

Here are the answers and the explanations (copying a god chunk of Girish’s answers):

  1. Answer is 1/3…since there are three different numbers, the probability of each of them being the last one is 1/3 and hence the probability that the middle one is the third one is also 1/3.
  1. When you select 3 cards from a suit, they will obviously be different cards. So, then this problem boils down to the first one again and prob that 3rd card is between first two is again 1/3
  1. This is slightly tricky because there is a chance of repetition. So, our answer is 1/3 of the Prob of drawing 3 distinct cards from the deck.

Prob of drawing 3 distinct cards = (52x48x44)/(52x51x50).

Hence, final answer is (1/3)x (52x48x44)/(52x51x50) = 4576/16575 = 0.276

Hope you enjoyed the puzzle.

 

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Puzzle #79: Diwali Special

Since playing cards is very popular during the Diwali festival, here is a special probability puzzle with cards, contributed by Alok Mittal from his Mathematical Circles class. I heard this one last night and could not resist. I am breaking the puzzle into three different difficulty levels, please exercise your judgment when sharing with your children.

(1) You pick three cards of the same suite, say Spade of 2, 3 and 4. Put them all face down and shuffle them. Now pick one card at a time. What is the probability that Spade of 3 is picked in the end?

(2) You take all the cards of the same suite, lets say Spade again. Ace is considered the smallest and King the largest. You draw three cards at random in the sequence. What is the probability that the value of the third one lies in between the first two?

(3) You take all the 52 cards and draw three cards at random like last time. How would the probability differ from #2, considering that cards of same denomination are considered equal regardless of the suite and the outcome you want is that the third card is strictly inbetween the first two cards and not equal to either of them.

As always, please send your answers directly to me at alokgoyal_2001@yahoo.com. If you like the puzzle, please share it with others. If you have interesting puzzles to share, please send them to me at my e-mail given above.

 

Happy playing with cards!

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Solution to Puzzle #78: Probability of #6

This was a tricky question…somewhat similar to the Monty Hall Problem (please see https://alokgoyal1971.com/2013/06/09/puzzle-20-the-monty-hall-problem-very-interesting-must-try/). I got a number of answers and a few of them correct in my opinion. The ones that sent the correct answers include Vishv Vivek Sharma (my nephew in Canada) and Girish Tutakne from Singapore.

I am taking the liberty of copying the answer from Girish:

P(Die is actually a 6 / He reports it as 6) = P(Die is a 6 and he reports it as 6) / P(He reports it as 6).

P(Die is a 6 and he reports it as 6) = 1/6 * 3/4 (3/4 is the probability of his speaking the truth)

Denominator is (5/6×1/4)+(1/6×3/4) = 1/3 (first expression is the probability of it not being a 6 [5/6] and then the person lying [1/6] added to the numerator)

Doing the calculations will yield the answer as 3/8.

Hope you enjoyed the puzzle!

 

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Puzzle #78: Probability of #6

This is a wonderful probability puzzle given to me by my nephew, Karan Sharma, who lives in Jaipur and is in Class XII – thanks Karan!

A man is known to speak the truth 3 out of 4 times. He throws a die and reports that it is a six. What is the probability that it is actually a six?

As always, please send your answers directly to me at alokgoyal_2001@yahoo.com. If you like the puzzle, please share it with others. If you have interesting puzzles to share, please send them to me at my e-mail given above.

Happy gambling!

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Solution to Puzzle #77: Make the Stacks Equal

Apologies for not posting the solution last weekend, I was traveling outside the country.

I received an overwhelming number of correct solutions for this puzzle. First one to come back was Alok Kucklous. Others were Aman Singla, Girish Tutakne, Ashutosh Diwakar and Akash Tayal. Special mentions for two children – Damini Rana and Ishir Gupta – for sending the correct answers – well done!

The answer is that stacks cannot be made equal. I Am taking the liberty of copying Akash Tayal’s explanation.

The stacks cannot be made equal because each time we add 2 coins, the total number of coins remains odd (since it starts at 21).  To make the stacks equal, the sum is even (because there are an even number of stacks).

Hope you enjoyed the puzzle!

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Puzzle #77: Make the Stacks Equal

Another beautiful puzzle from the same book as last time…”Mathematical Circle Diaries, Year 1″, by Anna Burago. This one is the last puzzle from Session 10.

Six stacks of coins are places on the table. The first has 1 coin, the second 2, and so on, until the last, which has 6 coins. You are allowed to select any two stacks and add one coin to each. Can you make all the stacks equal? You can repeat the operation as many times as you want to.

As always, please send your answers directly to me at alokgoyal_2001@yahoo.com. If you like the puzzle, please share it with others. If you have interesting puzzles to share, please send them to me at my e-mail given above.

 

Enjoy the increasing stacks of money!

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Solution to Puzzle #76: What’s the Final Digit?

I received an overwhelming number of correct responses to this puzzle…though very few from the younger ones. Ones who gave the correct answers included Pooja Goyal, Naresh Kumra, Smiti Mittal, Prakhar Prakash, Girish Tutakne, Ashutosh Diwakar, Aishvarya Gupta, Ashish Gupta, Arushi Gupta and Ishir Gupta. Smiti, Arushi and Ishir deserve a special mention – they are in classes 8th, 9th and 6th respectively.

The answer is 9.

I am taking the liberty of copying the solution from Aishvarya here:

100!(factorial of 100) will always be divisible by  9.

According to the divisibility property of 9, A number is divisible by 9 if the sum of its digits is divisible by 9, 1st iteration’s sum of digits of 100! will be a number divisible by 9.

Applying this property recursively, we can conclude that the final digit will be a multiple of 9. Since we are taking sum till single digit, the final sum has to be 9.

Hope you all enjoyed the puzzle.

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Puzzle #76: What’s The Final Digit?

A beautiful puzzle for ages 10-100! Found this in Mathematical Circle Diaries, Year 1 (for grade 5-7), Session 25, problem #8.

Robby the Robot multiplied the numbers from 1 to 100 (100 factorial) and calculated the sum of the digits of this product. For this sum, Robby calculated the sum of its digits as well. The robot kept repeating this operation till he got a one-digit number. What was the number?

As always, please send your answers directly to me at alokgoyal_2001@yahoo.com. If you like the puzzle, please share it with others. If you have interesting puzzles to share, please send them to me at my e-mail given above.

 

Happy crunching!

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